Rapid and efficient regeneration of transgenic wheat plants

ABSTRACT

A rapid transformation regeneration system is disclosed. This system takes two-three months to obtain transgenic plants. Transformation efficiencies are very high. This system also has been demonstrated with several different selecting systems and is particularly useful for transforming wheat.

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/329,742 filed Oct. 26, 1994.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The entire text of the above-referenced disclosure is specifically incorporated by reference herein without disclaimer.

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to genetically engineered plants. In particular it relates to a method for regenerating plant cells which have been transformed.

2. Description of Related Art

During the past decade, it has become possible to transfer genes from a wide range of organisms to crop plants by recombinant DNA technology. This advance has provided enormous opportunities to improve plant resistance to pests, diseases and herbicides, and to modify biosynthetic processes to change the quality of plant products (Knutson et al., 1992; Piorier et al., 1992; Vasil et al., 1992). However, the availability of an efficient transformation method to introduce foreign DNA has been a substantial barrier for most monocot species, including maize, rice, oat, barley, and particularly wheat.

Two alternative transformation methods are currently used for monocot species: direct DNA transfer into isolated protoplasts and microprojectile-mediated DNA delivery (Shimamoto et al., 1989; Fromm et al., 1990).

The protoplast methods have been widely used in rice, where DNA is delivered to the protoplasts through liposomes, PEG, and electroporation. While a large number of transgenic plants have been recovered in several laboratories (Shimamoto et al., 1989; Datta et al., 1990, the protoplast methods require the establishment of long-term embryogenic suspension cultures. Some regenerants from protoplasts are infertile and phenotypically abnormal due to the long-term suspension culture (Davey et al., 1991; Rhodes et al., 1988.

The microprojectile-mediated DNA delivery method may use immature embryos or immature embryo derived calli as target tissues. Transgenic plants have been recovered from the microprojectile bombardment method in maize, oat, barley and wheat (Gordon-Kamm et al., 1990; Somers et al., 1992; Wan et al., 1994; Vasil et al., 1992).

The microprojectile bombardment method generally takes 10 to 15 months to obtain transgenic plants (Gordon-Kamm et al., 1990; Vasil et al., 1992). Even with the more recent improvements in transformation methods using immature embryos as target tissues, it still requires 4 to 6 months to recover transgenic plants (Weeks et al., 1993; Vasil et al., 1992; 1993; Becker et al., 1994). Moreover, these methods suffer frequently from a loss in fertility in the recovered plants (Vasil et al., 1993; Becker et al., 1994). Furthermore, the transformation frequency by these methods is very low, about one event from every thousand bombarded embryos. This transformation efficiency is too low for genetic studies and for commercial applications.

Thus, there is a need not only for a more rapid method of regenerating transformed plant tissue, there is also a need for a method that retains fertility in the resulting plants and produces a higher transformation efficiency.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a rapid and efficient transformation and regeneration system. The present invention is particularly useful with the transformation and regeneration of wheat plants. Plants regenerated from this system are phenotypically normal and fully fertile. The transgenes are transmitted to R₁ progeny in a Mendelian fashion.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a rapid and efficient regeneration system for monocot crop transformation using proliferated immature embryos as target tissues. The new system takes less than two months to obtain transgenic plants. Transformation frequencies by the new system are 5 to 100 times higher than the current methods used in other laboratories. This new system can be used with a variety of selectable marker systems, including selection using herbicides, such as glyphosate and bialaphos, as well as antibiotics such as kanamycin.

The present invention provides a method for regenerating a transformed monocotyledonous plant to contain foreign DNA comprising the steps of:

a) isolating regenerable tissue from the plant;

b) inserting into the regenerable tissue the foreign DNA where the foreign DNA comprises a selectable DNA sequence, where the sequence can function in a regenerable tissue as a selection device;

c) between about one day to about three weeks after step b) placing the regenerable tissue from step b) in a medium capable of producing shoots from the tissue where the medium further contains a compound used to select regenerable tissue containing the selectable DNA sequences; and

d) after at least one shoot has formed from step c), transferring the shoot to a second medium capable of producing roots from the shoot.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The present invention can be used with any plant species. It is particularly useful for monocot species. More particularly, it is useful in plant species which cannot remain in a callus state for long periods of time without losing the ability to regenerate. One particularly useful species in the present invention is wheat.

The present invention, when applied to wheat, has the advantage of being genotype independent. That is, it can be used with any type of wheat variety, including both winter and spring wheat. It can be used to produce transgenic wheat plants from spring cultivars, such as, for example, Bobwhite and Marshall as well as winter cultivars, such as, for example, Neeley.

The present invention is used to introduce foreign DNA into regenerable plant tissue. Any type of foreign DNA can be inserted into the plant species using the method of the present invention. Generally, "foreign DNA" can be defined to include any type of DNA which is inserted into a plant cell from outside the plant cell. Methods for inserting DNA into plant cells are generally well known, such as a bombardment using a device described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,022.

The type of DNA included in the foreign DNA can include DNA which already is present in the plant cell, DNA from another plant, DNA from a different organism, or a DNA generated externally, such as a DNA sequence containing an antisense message of a plant gene, or a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic version of a gene where the nucleotide sequence has been modified.

In one preferred embodiment, the foreign DNA contains a DNA sequence which can function in a regenerable plant tissue as a selection device. Such DNA can include a gene which would function in a regenerable plant tissue to produce a compound which would confer upon the plant tissue resistance to an otherwise toxic compound. These genes are well known in the art and can confer resistance to compounds such as antibiotics like kanamycin (Dekeyser et al., 1989), and herbicides like glyphosate (Della-Cioppa et al., 1987) and bialaphos (Vasil et al., 199). Other selection devices can be used within the scope of the present invention.

The first step in the present invention is to isolate regenerable tissue from a plant. Any regenerable plant tissue can be used in accordance with the present invention. Regenerable plant tissue generally refers to tissue which after insertion of foreign DNA can be regenerated into a differentiated plant. For example such tissues can include calli and/or embryoids from anthers (Zhou and Konzak, 1989), microspores (Ziauddin et al., 1992), inflorescences (Barcelo et al., 1994) and leaf tissues (Conger et al., 1987).

In one embodiment of the present invention, an immature embryo from a plant is used as a starting material. Immature embryos can be produced using known method described in the art. For instance, the production of wheat immature embryos is described by Weeks et al., (1993) and Vasil et al., (1993).

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the regenerable plant tissues are calli. The preferred calli are embryogenic calli. Embryogenic calli are produced from immature embryos. These calli can be produced by isolating and culturing immature embryos on a nutrient media with carbohydrate and plant growth regulators. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, when producing embryogenic calli from wheat, the elimination of embryo axis as described by Nehra et al., (1994) is not necessary.

Callus producing medium are well known in the art and any culture medium or preparation method can be used. In the preferred embodiment, where wheat calli are prepared, a wheat immature embryo is cultured for 1 day up to one month, preferably for 4 to 7 days, on a modified MS medium comprising about 40 g/l maltose and about 2 mg/l 2,4-D. In another embodiment, the 2,4 D can be replaced by a combination of 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D and 2.2 mg/l picloram. The medium is solidified by 2 g/l GELRITE or 4 g/l low melting agarose.

Once the regenerable plant tissue is isolated, the second step of the method is introducing the foreign DNA into the plant tissue. This process is also referred to herein as "transformation." Any method can be used to insert the foreign DNA into the regenerable plant tissue. Such methods include bombardment (Weeks et al., 1993; Vasil et al., 1992), Agrobacterium transformation (Chan et al., 1993), electroporation of regenerable tissues (Shillito et al., 1985) and protoplast-facilitated gene delivery (Shimamoto et al., 1989; Datta et al., 1990).

In a preferred embodiment, the regenerable tissue is transformed using the bombardment method. In this embodiment, it is also preferred that a callus tissue, most preferably an embryogenic callus, is used. After bombardment, this callus can be grown for a short period of time prior to regeneration or selection or, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, can immediately be subjected to both regeneration and selection conditions. With other transformation methods, this period may or may not be desirable, depending upon the selection method used.

In one embodiment of the invention, the regenerable tissue is grown for a short period after bombardment. The medium used for this growth period preferably does not contain any selection device or any medium capable of producing shoots. The use of a growth period depends upon the selection device used. Some selection devices benefit from the use of larger or older callus tissue before selection is applied. This growth period can be any period of time, but generally ranges from about 1 day to about one month. However, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, this growth period should be short, if one is used at all, and generally no more than about three weeks, preferably no more than about two weeks and most preferably no more than about one week and specifically from about 1 to about 7 days after bombardment. A growth period is not required in the present invention.

In another embodiment of the invention, the regenerable plant tissue can be subjected during this period after bombardment to a short period of selection prior to exposure of the regenerable tissue to a medium capable of producing shoots. Any selection compounds can be used during this period consistent with the selectable DNA sequence inserted into the regenerable tissue. Such compounds include paromomycin, glyphosate and bialaphos.

While this selection period prior to regeneration is not required under the claimed invention, if used, this period can range from about 1 day to about two weeks. More preferably, this period will range from about 1 to 7 days.

After transformation, the regenerable plant tissue is placed in a medium capable for producing shoots from the regenerable tissue where the medium further contains a compound used to select regenerable tissue containing the selectable DNA sequences. This is in contrast to the prior art where regenerable plant tissue is generally subjected first to an extended period of selection prior to exposure of the regenerable tissue to a medium capable of producing shoots.

The medium used in this step can be any medium which permits the formation of shoots from the regenerable tissue. In one embodiment, a shoot-producing compound is added to the medium. These shoot-producing compounds are well known in the art (Murashige and Skoog, 1962; Kasha et al., 1990). Such compounds include weak plant growth regulators and include IAA, IBA, and BA at low concentrations (Becker et al., 1994; Vasil et al., 1992). In another embodiment of the invention, a medium free of a plant growth regulator can be used to induce shoot formation (Weeks et al., 1993).

In a preferred embodiment, where an embryogenic wheat calli is to be regenerated, the medium comprises a modified MS medium with 0.2 mg/l 2,4-D (Murashige and Skoog, 1962; Wan and Lemaux, 1994).

The regenerable plant tissue is generally placed in this medium as quickly as possible in the present invention after transformation. Generally, this can range from about 1 day to about three weeks, but preferably from about 1 day to about two weeks. Most preferably the tissue is transferred to this medium from about one week to about two weeks after transformation. In most instance, the transfer will occur between about 5 and about 11 days.

The compound used to select regenerable tissue containing the selectable DNA sequences can be any of a variety of well known selection compounds, such as antibiotics and herbicides. Preferred compounds can include kanamycin (Dekeyser et al., 1989; glyphosate (Della-Coppa et al., 1987); and bialaphos (Vasil et al., 1992; Weeks et al., 1993).

The availability of alternative selection agents is an important requirement for commercial application of agriculture biotechnology. The use of kanamycin has been less successful for cereal crops because of the high endogenous level of tolerance (Dekeyser et al., 1989). Bialaphos has been widely used as a selection agent in cereal crop transformation (Weeks et al., 1993; Vasil et al., 1993; Becker et al., 1994; Nehra et al., 1994; Wan and Lemaux, 1993). However, it could potentially be a disaster to exclusively use genes encoding bialaphos resistance as a selectable marker in all transformation studies. Other selectable markers are needed and the results demonstrate that the herein described rapid regeneration system works well with different selection agents.

After shoots have formed the shoots are transferred to a second medium capable of producing roots from said shoots. This medium can further contain a compound used to select regenerable tissue containing the selectable DNA sequences. Transfer to this medium occurs when sufficient shoots have developed, as generally known in the art. This occurs, for wheat, within 25 to 40 days after transformation.

The medium capable of producing roots can be any root-producing medium. These mediums are well known in the art (Weeks et al., 1993; Vasil et al., 1992). One preferred root-producing medium is a modified MS medium without any plant growth regulator (Murashige and Skoog, 1962; Zhou et al., 1992).

Once roots have been formed, the plants can then be transferred to soil and grown following methods known in the art to produce seeds.

One advantage of the above described transformation and regeneration method is that plants obtained from this process are generally fertile. The loss of fertility among transgenic plants using prior art methods is believed to be attributed to the long-term cultures before and after the transformation treatments rather than the act of transformation per se.

Another advantage of the present invention is that the current biolistic bombardment methods require 4 to 6 months to obtain transgenic plants (Becker et al., 1994; Vasil et al., 1992, 1993; Weeks et al., 1993). The bombarded regenerable tissues of these prior art methods were subcultured on selection media for 2 to 3 months or longer to allow callus proliferation. By reducing the time of the callus proliferation culture, the rapid regeneration method described herein requires less than 2 months to obtain transgenic plants.

Use of the present method also caused transformed tissues to regenerate much fast. The regenerants were also more vigorous and healthier both in culture and in soil.

The rapid regeneration system described herein also usually produce uniform, non-chimeric transformants. With the rapid regeneration method, embryogenic callus sectors are usually small at the stage of regeneration. Therefore, only a single shoot is regenerated from each callus sector. Histochemical analysis for stable GUS activity showed that leaf segments from different parts of the transgenic plants were generally uniform in GUS expression. Progeny analysis also indicates that most of the transgenic plants segregated at 3:1 ratios between tolerant and sensitive plants as a single dominant gene.

The following examples describe specific embodiments of the invention. Media used are described in Table 9. The examples are provided to better elucidate the practice of the present invention and should not be interpreted in any way to limit the scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications, additions, etc. can be made to the methods described herein while not departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Transformation Using CP4 and GOX As Selectable Markers

1. Immature embryo culture. A spring wheat Triticum aestivum cv. Bobwhite was used through this study. Stock plants were grown in an environmentally controlled growth chamber with 16-h photoperiod at 800 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ provided by high-intensity discharge (HID) Sylvania lights (GTE Products Corp., Manchester, N.H. 03103). The day/night temperatures were 18/16° C. Immature caryopses were collected from the plants 14-d after anthesis. Immature embryos ("IE") were dissected and cultured on a modified MS medium (Murashige and Skoog salts, Gibco BRL) supplemented with 40 g/l maltose, 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D, and 2.2 mg/l picloram (CM4). The immature embryos were cultured at 26° C. in the dark.

2. DNA delivery. Five days after the initiation of culture, immature embryos were transferred to an osmoticum treatment medium 4-h prior to bombardment. The osmoticum medium was the same CM4 with 0.35 M mannitol. Thirty to 40 embryos were placed in the center of each plate, and the embryos were bombarded with a mixture of pMON19305 and pMON19328 at a 1:1 ratio. pMON19305 contains the uidA gene whereas pMON19328 carries the glyphosate-tolerant CP4 and GOX genes. CP4 is a bacterial 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene which expresses an enzyme highly resistant to glyphosate. The glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX) is a bacterial gene which degrades glyphosate into aminomethyl phosphonic acid. All genes were driven by the maize ubiquitin Ubil promoter (Christensen et al., 1992). Each plate was bombarded twice with a PDS 1000 powder gun. High levels of transient GUS expression were observed for every bombardment in every study, indicating that the DNA delivery method was very efficient.

3. Regeneration of glyphosate-tolerant plants. After a 16-h post-bombardment treatment on the 0.35 M mannitol medium, the bombarded embryos were transferred to the CM4 medium (Table 1) for a 1-week delay of selection. At this stage, two embryos from each bombarded plate were sampled for transient GUS assays. After a one or two-week delay, the embryos were transferred to a CM4 medium containing 4 mM glyphosate. After one to two weeks of callus proliferation culture on this selection medium, the embryos were transferred to regeneration media containing 0.1 mM glyphosate (Protocol 1). In some cases, the bombarded embryos were directly transferred the regeneration medium one to two weeks after bombardment (Protocol 2). Shoots obtained from the regeneration media were transferred to a rooting medium containing 0.02 mM glyphosate. Tolerant plants were transferred to soil and grown in an environmentally controlled growth chamber as described. Two weeks later, the plants were sprayed with 8 oz/a ROUNDUP® (active ingredient glyphosate, Monsanto).

                  PROTOCOL 1                                                       ______________________________________                                         The rapid transformation regeneration method for glyphosate                    selection -- reduced callus proliferation culture                              Process               Timeframe                                                ______________________________________                                         Culture IE on CM4 medium                                                                              0-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Bombard embryo callus  5-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Transfer callus to CM4 + 4 mM Gt                                                                     12-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Regenerate on MMS.2 + 1 mM Gt after                                                                  19-d                                                     1 wk callus proliferation culture                                              ↓                                                                       Root on MMS0 + .02 mM Gt                                                                             40-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Transfer plants to soil                                                                              60-d                                                     ______________________________________                                    

                  PROTOCOL 2                                                       ______________________________________                                         The rapid transformation regeneration method for glyphosate                    selection -- eliminated callus proliferation culture                           Process               Timeframe                                                ______________________________________                                         Culture IE on CM4 medium                                                                              0-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Bombard embryo callus  5-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Regenerate on MMS.2 + .1 mM Gt after 1                                                               12-d                                                     wk delay                                                                       ↓                                                                       Root on MMS0 + .02 mM Gt                                                                             35-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Transfer plants to soil                                                                              60-d                                                     ______________________________________                                    

On callus proliferation media, there was no visual difference on embryogenesis between the tissues bombarded with and without plasmid DNA. However, when transferred to regeneration medium, green shoots were regenerated from the transformed embryos, whereas no shoots were recovered from controls bombarded without plasmid DNA. We were able to recover glyphosate tolerant shoots from most studies. On average, about 1-2% bombarded embryos produced glyphosate-tolerant plants (see Table 1). Under our experimental conditions, transformation efficiency with the old method was very low. About 0.05% bombarded embryos produced glyphosate tolerant plants (Table 2). Transformation efficiency from the rapid method was 25-fold higher than that from the old method. The transformation frequency from the old method was equivalent to those of bialaphos selection previously reported by other groups (Vasil et al., 1992, 1993; Weeks et al., 1993; Nehra et al., 1994).

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Glyphosate-tolerant plants recovered from different selection                  regeneration regimes by the rapid regeneration method                                                                 #GUS                                    Treatment      Expt/Trt#                                                                               # I.E.  # events                                                                              pos.                                    ______________________________________                                         1 wk delay, direct regen.                                                                     37-2     300     3      2                                                      42-2     350     3      3                                                      43-2     400     5      5                                       2 wk delay, direct regen.                                                                     37-3     300     1      1                                                      42-3     350     3      2                                                      43-3     400     7      3                                       1 wk delay/1 wk callusing                                                                     43-4     400     11     11                                      1 wk delay/2 wk callusing                                                                     42-4     175     3      3                                       Total                   2675    36 (1.3%)                                      ______________________________________                                          Expt: experiment; Trt: treatment; I.E.: immature embryos; GUS:                 glucuronidase.                                                           

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         A summary of glyphosate tolerant plants produced from the old                  and the rapid regeneration methods                                             Methods # Expt   # I.E.   # events                                                                              Freq.  Months                                 ______________________________________                                         Old     14       13,000   6      0.05%  4.5                                    Rapid   3         2,675   36     1.3%   2.0                                    ______________________________________                                          Expt: experiment; Trt: treatment; I.E.: immature embryos; Freq.: frequenc

4. Enzyme assay of CP4 and GOX transferred Plants. Crude proteins were extracted from fresh leaves of transgenic plants following a BioRad method. CP4 and GOX proteins were probed by antibodies, and calculated as percentages of total proteins. The transgenic plants contained 0.007-0.160% and 0.004-0.062% GOX, which were equivalent to a previously confirmed transgenic plant (Table 3). Five transgenic plants had no CP4 expression. Glyphosate tolerance of these plants was probably conferred by the GOX gene.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         Stable GUS expression and percent CP4 and GOX protein                          contents of glyphosate tolerant plants                                         Transgenic lines                                                                           Stable GUS   % CP4   % GOX                                         ______________________________________                                         42-2-02     +            0.079   0.014                                         42-3-01     +            0.017   0.009                                         42-3-02     -            0.009   0.051                                         42-4-01     +            0.160   0.017                                         42-4-02     +            --      0.007                                         42-4-03     +            0.106   0.022                                         43-2-01     +            0.079   0.038                                         43-2-02     +            0.037   0.017                                         43-2-03     +            0.017   0.018                                         43-2-05     +            0.028   0.028                                         43-3-01     +            0.030   0.017                                         43-3-02     -            0.007   0.004                                         43-3-03     -            0.008   0.004                                         43-3-04     +            --      0.011                                         43-3-05     -            --      0.020                                         43-3-06     +            0.007   0.004                                         43-3-07     -            --      0.045                                         43-3-08     -            --      0.027                                         43-3-01     +            0.070   0.062                                         43-4-02     +            0.022   0.012                                         43-4-03     +            0.019   0.042                                         43-4-04     +            0.151   0.035                                         43-4-05     +            0.034   0.044                                         43-4-06     +            0.076   0.028                                         43-4-11     +            0.016   0.017                                         Bobwhite                 0.001   0.001                                         16-5(CK+)                0.028   0.011                                         ______________________________________                                    

5. Progeny analysis of glyphosate-tolerant plants. Immature embryos from the glyphosate-tolerant plants were isolated 20-d after anthesis and cultured on a germination medium (MMS medium without plant growth regulator) with 0.02 mM glyphosate. Germinated and non-germinated embryos were separated and recorded 10 day after the culture and the data were analyzed by X² test for 3:1 segregation (Table 4). X² test indicated that the transgene segregated at a 3:1 ratio as expected. The tolerant plants were then transplanted to soil and sprayed with 8 oz/a ROUNDUP®. Individuals germinated on the selection media were also tolerant to the spray.

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         Germination test of embryos from glyphosate tolerant R.sub.0 plants            Transgenic %CP4    %GOX    Germination test                                    lines      protein protein Tolerant                                                                             Sensitive                                                                             3:1 prob.                              ______________________________________                                         93-42-2-2  0.079   0.014   31    11     >0.9                                   93-43-2-1  0.079   0.038   27    26     <0.01                                  93-43-2-3  0.017   0.018   48    9      >0.1                                   93-43-2-5  0.028   0.028   33    17     >0.1                                   93-43-4-1  0.070   0.062   24    10     >0.1                                   93-43-4-2  0.022   0.012   6     32     <0.01                                  93-43-4-3  0.019   0.042   39    13     >0.9                                   93-43-4-4  0.151   0.035   9     29     <0.01                                  93-43-4-5  0.034   0.044   52    6      <0.01                                  Bobwhite (control)         0     45                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 2

Transformation Using the bar Gene as a Selectable Marker

1. Transformation and selection. Transformation method for the bar gene was essentially the same as the CP4 and GOX genes. Immature embryos were bombarded with the pAHC25, which carries the bar and uida genes. Both genes were driven by the Ubiql promoter. The bar gene encodes phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) that acetylates phosphinothricin, the active ingredient of the non-selective herbicide Basta® (Hoechst AG). The bombarded embryos were transferred to the MMS2 medium with 4 mg/l bialaphos one day after the bombardment (Protocol 3).

                  PROTOCOL 3                                                       ______________________________________                                         The rapid regeneration system for bar gene transformation                      Process                Timeframe                                               ______________________________________                                         Culture IE on MMS2 medium                                                                              0-d                                                    ↓                                                                       Bombard embryo callus   5-d                                                    ↓                                                                       Transfer to MMS2 + 4 mg/1 bialaphos                                                                    6-d                                                    ↓                                                                       Transfer to MMS0 + 4 mg/1 bialaphos                                                                   13-d                                                    ↓                                                                       Transfer to sundae cup on the same medium                                                             30-d                                                    ↓                                                                       Transfer plants to soil                                                                               50-d                                                    ______________________________________                                    

2. Regeneration of bialaphos-tolerant plants. Following a one to two week callus proliferation on the MMS2 medium, the embryos were transferred to an MMS0 regeneration medium with 4 mg/l bialaphos. Shoots and plants from the regeneration medium were transferred to sundae cups with the same medium for rooting. Bialaphos tolerant plants of 828 bombarded embryos in the three studies, 566 embryos produced bialaphos-tolerant plants (Table 5). About 15% of the embryos produced single plant, 20% of them with 2 plants, 40% with 3 plants, and 25% with 4 or more plants. Each embryo was counted as a single transformation event regardless the number of plants recovered. One third (190 out of 566) of the transformation events were GUS positive. GUS activity often varied among individual events, from completely dark blue to blue stripes in vascular tissues or blue dots randomly scattered on the leaves.

Transformation frequency with bialaphos selection was much higher than glyphosate under experimental conditions, and 10 to 100-fold higher than those previously reported for wheat and barley (Vasil et al., 1992; 1993; Weeks et al., 1993; Nehra et al., 1994; Wan and Lemaux, 1993).

                  TABLE 5                                                          ______________________________________                                         Bialaphos-tolerant plants recovered by the rapid regeneration system                   Time of  No. Of  Bialaphos tolerant                                                                       GUS positive                                Expt-Trt#*                                                                             callusing                                                                               embryo  No.   %     No.   %                                   ______________________________________                                         Expt 44-3                                                                              2 wks    269     212   78.8  63    29.7                                Expt 46-3                                                                              1 wk     192     146   76.0  52    35.6                                Expt 46-4                                                                              2 wks    187     119   63.6  42    35.3                                Expt 48-3                                                                              1 wk     90      59    65.6  22    37.3                                Expt 48-4                                                                              2 wks    90      43    47.8  17    39.5                                ______________________________________                                          Expt: experiment; Trt: treatment; GUS: glucuronidase                     

3. Basta® spray. A sample of 20 bialaphos-tolerant plants were transferred to soil and sprayed with 1% Basta® (200 g/l glufosinate, Hoechst AG). Control plants showed necrosis and browning 3-d after the spraying. The damaged leaves turned yellow and dried later on. Ten of the 20 bialaphos tolerant plants did not show any necrotic lessions after the spraying.

4. PAT assay. The Basta® tolerant plants were analyzed for PAT activity following the method of De Block et al., (1987). All Basta® tolerant plants were PAT positive, whereas no PAT activity was observed in Bobwhite control plants (Table 6).

5. Germination test and progeny analysis. The Basta® tolerant plants grew normally and set seeds. Immature embryos from the plants were cultured on a germination medium with 2 mg/l bialaphos. Immature embryos from Bobwhite control plants could not germinate on the bialaphos selection medium, whereas embryos from the Basta® tolerant plants segregated into tolerant and sensitive ones. Two of the ten plants showed 3:1 segregation ratios as expected. Five had less than 3:1 segregation whereas the other three did not produce any tolerant embryos (Table 6). It is unknown at this stage what has caused the unexpected segregation. It could be due to the small size of samples or due to gene silence. Nevertheless, the production of bialaphos tolerant plants demonstrated that the rapid regeneration system is independent of selectable markers or any gene of interest.

                  TABLE 6                                                          ______________________________________                                         Germination test for bialaphos tolerant R.sub.0 plants                         recovered from the rapid regeneration system                                                  Germination text                                                Transgenics                                                                              GUS     PAT    Tolerant                                                                             Sensitive                                                                              3:1 prob.                               ______________________________________                                         44-3-01   --      +      0     30      na                                      44-3-02   --      +      28    8       .5-.75                                  44-3-03   +       +      21    15      <.05                                    44-3-06   +       +      18    8       .25-.50                                 44-3-07   --      +      14    15      <.01                                    46-3-01   +       +      0     40      na                                      46-3-02   +       +      11    31      <.01                                    46-3-05   +       +      0     48      na                                      46-3-06   +       +      4     32      <.01                                    46-3-07   --      +      14    27      <.01                                    Bobwhite (CK)                                                                            --      --     0     40      na                                      ______________________________________                                          GUS: glucuronidase; PAT: phosphinothricin acetyltransferase              

EXAMPLE 3

Transformation Using the nptII gene as a Selectable Marker

The rapid transformation regeneration system also was demonstrated with paromomycin selection for the nptII gene.

1. Immature embryo culture. A spring wheat Triticum aestivum cv. Bobwhite was used throughout this study. Stock plants were grown in an environmentally controlled growth chamber with 16-h photo period at 800 μmol M-² s-¹ provided by high-intensity discharge (HID) Sylvania (GTE Corp.). The day/night temperatures were 18/16° C. Immature caryopses were collected from the plants 13 or 14-d after anthesis and cultured on a modified MS medium (Murashige and Skoog salts, Gibco BRL) supplemented with 40 g/l maltose, 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D, and 2.2 mg/l picloram (CM4). The immature embryos were cultured at 26° C. in the dark.

2. DNA delivery. Five days after the initiation of culture, immature embryos were transferred to an osmoticum treatment medium 4-h prior to bombardment. The osmoticum medium was the same CM4 with 0.35 M mannitol or 0.125 M mannitol and 0.125 M raffinose. Approximately 40 embryos were placed in the center of each plate, and the embryos were bombarded with a mixture of pMON19476 and pMON19468 at an :1 ratio. pMON19476 contains the enhanced 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell et al., 1985; Kay et al., 1987), the NPTII gene (Fraley et al., 1983). pMON19468 carries the uidA (which encodes Beta-glucuronidase (GUS) from Escherichia coli (Jefferson et al., 1986) and the NOS terminator. Both the nptII and GUS gene were driven by the 35S promoter (Odell et al., 1985; Kay et al., 1987). Each plate was bombarded twice with a PDS 1000 powder gun as described in detail by Klein et al., 1987. High levels of transient GUS expression (an average of 84 spots per embryo) were observed, indicating that the DNA delivery method was very efficient.

3. Regeneration of paromomycin-tolerant plants. After a 18-h post-bombardment treatment on the 0.35 M mannitol medium or a combination of 0.125 M mannitol and 0.125 M raffinose medium, the bombarded embryos were transferred to the CM4 medium (Table 9) for a 6 or 7 day delay of selection. At this stage, two embryos from each bombarded plate were sampled for transient GUS assays. After a 6 or 7 day delay, the embryos were transferred to a CM4 medium containing 100, 200, or 300 mg/l paromomycin for callus proliferation. Another set of embryos were transferred directly to regeneration medium containing 100 or 200 mg/l paromomycin (Protocol 4). In some cases, the bombarded embryos were directly transferred to the regeneration medium one to two weeks after bombardment (Protocol 5). Shoots obtained from the regeneration media were transferred to a rooting medium containing no selective agent (Table 9). Plants were scored for GUS by histochemical analysis. Positive plants and some negative plants (controls) were transferred to soil and grown in an environmentally controlled growth chamber as described.

4. Progeny analysis of paromomycin-tolerant plants. Immature embryos from the paromomycin-tolerant plants were isolated 20-d after anthesis and cultured on a germination medium (MMSO medium without plant growth regulator) with 100 mg/l paromomycin. Germinated and non-germinated embryos were separated and recorded 10 day after the culture and the data was analyzed by X² test for 3:1 segregation (Table 8). X² test indicated that the transgene did not segregate at a 3:1 ratio as expected.

                  PROTOCOL 4                                                       ______________________________________                                         The rapid regeneration system for paromomycin selection -- reduced             callus proliferation culture                                                   Process                Timeframe                                               ______________________________________                                         Culture IE on CM4 medium                                                                               0-d                                                    ↓                                                                       Bombard embryo callus   4-d                                                    ↓                                                                       Transfer callus to CM4  9-d                                                    + 100 mg/l paromomycin                                                         ↓                                                                       Regenerate on MMS ZR/NAA medium after                                                                 16-d                                                    1,2, or 3 wks callus proliferation culture                                     ↓                                                                       Root on MMS0           37-d                                                    ↓                                                                       Transfer plants to soil                                                                               72-d                                                    ______________________________________                                    

                  PROTOCOL 5                                                       ______________________________________                                         The rapid regeneration system for paromomycin selection -- eliminated          callus proliferation culture                                                   Process               Timeframe                                                ______________________________________                                         Culture IE on CM4 medium                                                                              0-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Bombard embryo callus  4-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Regenerate on MMSZR/IAA medium after                                                                  9-d                                                     5 day delay                                                                    ↓                                                                       Root on MMS0          37-d                                                     ↓                                                                       Transfer plants to soil                                                                              72-d                                                     ______________________________________                                    

On callus proliferation media, some of the callus turned white and stopped proliferating while some parts of the callus remained yellow and proliferated. Both the yellow and white callus tissues appeared compact and embryogenic. The tissues bombarded without plasmid DNA did not proliferate and bleached. When transferred to regeneration medium, green shoots were regenerated from the transformed embryos, whereas no shoots were recovered from controls bombarded without plasmid DNA. Paromomycin tolerant shoots were recovered from all studies. On average, about 0.3-4% bombarded embryos produced GUS positive paromomycin-tolerant plants (Table 7). The protocol 4 produced 2 and 4% GUS positive plants while the protocol 5 produced 0.3 to 1% GUS positive plants. Both protocols produced higher transformation frequencies than those of bialaphos selection previously reported by other groups (Vasil et al., 1992; 1993; Weeks et al., 1993).

                  TABLE 7                                                          ______________________________________                                         Paromomycin selected plants recovered from different selection                 regeneration regimes by the rapid regeneration method                          Treatment    Paro                                                              Delay Before                                                                           Time on  Conc                                                          Selection                                                                              Callusing                                                                               mg/l    Expt/Trt#                                                                             #IE  #Plants                                                                              #gus+                               ______________________________________                                         7d      3 week   100     88-02  400  30    4                                   7d      3 week   200     88-03  400  37    3                                   7d      3 week   300     88-04  369  35    2                                   5d      0        100     91-01  162  52    6                                   5d      0        200     91-02  161  38    3                                   5d      1 week   100     91-05  365  29    1                                   5d      2 week   100     91-07  364  23    4                                   5d      3 week   100     91-09  364  21    4                                   Total                           2585 265   27                                  ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 8                                                          ______________________________________                                         Paromomycin germination assay on R.sub.1 progeny from                          plants transformed with the nptII gene                                         Transgenic Scorable  Germination assay                                         lines*     Marker    #Tolerant                                                                               #Sensitive                                                                              3:1 prob                                ______________________________________                                         88-04-01-01                                                                               Gus (+)   30       50       <0.01                                   88-04-02-01                                                                               Gus (-)   26       54       <0.01                                   88-24-06-02                                                                               Gus (+)   36       44       <0.01                                   88-14-04-02                                                                               Anthro (+)                                                                               37       43       <0.01                                   88-35-01-01                                                                               Anthro (+)                                                                               18       14       <0.01                                   Control BW none      0        80       NA                                      ______________________________________                                          *Plants transformed with either:                                               pMON19476 (E35S/HSP70/NPTII) + pMON19468 (E35S/HSP70/GUS) or pMON19476         (E35S/HSP70/NPTII) + BC17 (anthocyanin)                                  

                  TABLE 9                                                          ______________________________________                                         Tissue Culture media used for wheat callus development,                        and regeneration of plant cells                                                                Carbohydrate    Additional Components                          Medium Name                                                                             MS*    per liter  pH   mg/l                                           ______________________________________                                         CM4      +      40 g maltose                                                                              5.8  500 glutamine                                                                  750 MgCl                                                                       100 casein                                                                     hydrolysate                                                                    0.5 2,4-D                                                                      2.2 picloram                                   MMSZR/IAA                                                                               +      40 g maltose                                                                              5.8  500 glutamine                                                                  750 MgCl                                                                       100 casein                                                                     hydrolysate                                                                    5 Zeatin riboside                                                              1IAA                                           MMS2     +      40 g maltose                                                                              5.8  2 2,4-D                                        MMS.2    +      40 g maltose                                                                              5.8  0.2 2,4-D                                      MMS0     +      20 g sucrose or                                                                           5.8                                                                 40 g maltose                                                   ______________________________________                                          *Basal MS medium described in (Zhou et al., 1993)                        

2 g/l gelrite used for all media except paromomycin selection medium which contains 4 g/l agarose.

The above examples demonstrate the transformation method using three selection devices. One skilled in the art would recognize that this method can be applied to many selection systems and that the invention is not limited to these examples but only limited by the attached claims.

All of the methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

References

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method for regenerating transformed wheat plants to contain foreign DNA comprising the steps of:a) isolating regenerable tissue from said wheat plants; b) inserting into said regenerable tissue said foreign DNA where said foreign DNA comprises a selectable DNA sequence, where said sequence can function in a regenerable tissue as a selection device; c) between about one day to about three weeks after step b) placing said regenerable tissue from step b) in a medium capable of producing shoots from said tissue where said medium further contains a compound used to select regenerable tissue containing said selectable DNA sequences; and d) after at least one shoot has formed from step c), transferring said shoot to a second medium capable of producing roots from said shoot.
 2. The method of claim 1 where said regenerable tissue is moved to the medium of step c) between from about one day to about two weeks after step b).
 3. The method of claim 1 where said regenerable tissue is moved to the medium of step c) between from about five days to about eleven days after step b).
 4. The method of claim 1 where said selectable DNA sequence expresses an enzyme which will confer resistance to at least one of the group consisting of kanamycin and paromomycin to said plant cell.
 5. The method of claim 1 where said selectable DNA sequence expresses an enzyme which will confer resistance to glyphosate to said plant cell.
 6. The method of claim 1 where said selectable DNA sequence expresses an enzyme which will confer resistance to bialaphos to said plant cell. 